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EX-OR Gate

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EX-OR Gate

GATE CSE EX-OR Gate

EX-OR Gate

In this class, we will understand EX-OR Gate.

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C Programming

Introduction to C Programming

How to Download and Install Dev C++ Compiler

How to Create Save Compile and Execute a Program in Dev C++ Compiler

Variables and Memory

Data types in C

Identifiers, Keywords, and Tokens in C

Qualifiers in C Programming

Examples of Unsigned int

Formatted Input/Output scanf()/printf()

More on printf() Statement

Conversion Specifiers in C

Escape Sequence in C

Understanding scanf() Function

More on scanf() Function

Arithmetic Operators in C

Assignment Operators in C

Increment and Decrement Operators in C

Bitwise Operators in C

Shift Operators in C Left Shift and Right Shift

Ternary Operator in C

Relational and Equality Operators in C

Logical Operators in C

Short Circuit Method for Logical AND and Logical OR

Problems in Expression Evaluation

Operator Precedence and Associativity in C

C Programming Practice 1 on Arithmetic Operators

C Programming Practice 2 on Ternary Operator

C Programming Practice 3 on Logical Operator

C Programming Practice 4 on Operators

ASCII Values Table in C

Examples on Characters and ASCII Values in C

Type Conversions in C

sizeof Operator in C

if-else Selection Statement in C

Nested if-else Statements in C

if-else-if Statement in C

Switch Statement in C

Examples of Switch Statements in C

While Loop in C

do-while Loop in C

Omitting Expressions in a for Loop

Nested Loops in C

Examples on Nested Loops

Creating User Interface using switch and do while loop in C

Multiple Initializations and Increments in for loop

Examples on Loops

Examples of while loops

For loops without a body

break Statement in C

continue Statement in C

goto statement in C

Array Initialization in C

Arrays and for Loops in C

Arrays and Memory in C

Two Dimensional Arrays in C

Row Major Order and Column Major Order in C

Matrix Addition Example

Examples of Arrays and Increment Operators

3 Dimensional Arrays in C

Example of 3 Dimensional Arrays

Defining Calling and return Statement of a Function

Declaring Functions in C

return and exit(0) for Program Termination

Understanding Process for a Program

Examples on Recursion

Understanding Local and Global Variables in C

More Examples of printf and scanf Functions

Pre-defined or Library Functions and User-Defined Functions in C

Pointer Variables and Address Operator in C

Visualization of Pointer Variable in C

Indirection Operator in C

Pointer Assignment

Pointers as function Arguments

Pointers and Arrays in C

Pointer Arithmetic in C

Pointers and Arrays Revisited

Examples of Pointers and One-Dimensional Array

Examples of Pointers and Multi-Dimensional Arrays 1

Examples of Pointers and Multi-Dimensional Arrays 2

Passing Arrays as Arguments

Pointer to Pointer in C

Understanding Pointers with Examples

Reading and Writing String using scanf() gets and printf() puts

Counting Number of Spaces in a String in C

Pointers and Strings in C

Array of Strings in C

Array of Pointers to Strings in C

String Functions in C

Examples of Strings in C

Structures in C

Initializing Structure Variables in C

Operations on Structures

Declaring Structure Tag

Arrays of Structures

Examples of Unions in C

Difference Between Dot and Arrow Operators in C

Examples of Structures

Storage Classes auto and static in C

Storage Classes extern and register in C

Enumerations or enum in C

Constant’s const in C

Complex Declarations in C

Computer Architecture and Organization

Introduction to Digital Systems

Difference Between Computer Architecture and Organization

Understanding a Register with Independent Control Load and Clear

Understanding Microoperations and Register Transfer Language

Understanding Control Condition Transfer

Understanding Common Bus and Memory Transfers

Understanding Binary Incrementer

Understanding a Simple Arithmetic Circuit

Understanding a Simple Logical Operations Circuit

Understanding Shift Microoperations Unit for ALU

Understanding Arithmetic Shift Microoperation

Understanding One Stage of Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit ALU

Understanding the Design of Basic Computer with Common Bus System

Understanding Registers and Memory Unit of a Basic Computer

Understanding the Definitions of Instruction Code and Operation Code

Understanding the Direct and Indirect Address Modes of an Instruction Code

Computer Instructions Memory Reference Register Reference and IO Instructions

Understanding Timing and Control Unit Design of a Basic Computer

Understanding Instruction Cycle Fetch and Decode Phase of Instruction Cycle

Understanding Flowchart for Instruction Cycle

Understanding AND to AC and ADD to AC Memory Reference Instructions

Understanding LDA Load to AC and STA Store to AC Memory Reference Instructions

Understanding BUN Branch Unconditionally Memory Reference Instruction

Understanding BSA Branch and Save Return Address Memory Reference Instruction

Understanding ISZ Increment and Skip if Zero Memory Reference Instruction

Understanding the Execution of Register Reference Instructions

Understanding Input-Output Configuration of Basic Computer

Understanding Input-Output Instructions

Understanding IO Operations on a Basic Computer

Understanding Programmed IO Mechanism

Understanding Interrupt Driven IO Mechanism

Implementation of Interrupt Driven IO Mechanism

Address Modes Implicit Immediate Direct Indirect Register Direct Register Indirect

Address Modes Auto Increment, Auto Decrement, Relative, Indexed, Base

GATE Bits 01 02 Basic Computer Organization

GATE Bits 03 04 Basic Computer Organization

GATE Bits 05 06 Basic Computer Organization

GATE Bits 07 08 Basic Computer Organization

Introduction to MicroProgrammed Control Unit and Control Word

Understanding Control Memory Microinstruction and Microprogram

Understanding Microprogrammed Control Unit Organization

Understanding Horizontal and Vertical Microprogrammed Control unit

Understanding Computer Configuration with Microprogrammed Control Unit

Understanding Microinstruction Format for Control Memory

Understanding Status Bits in Microinstruction Format

Understanding Mapping of Instructions in Microprogrammed Control Unit

Understanding How Microinstructions are Stored in Control Memory

Understanding Hardware Design for Microprogram Sequencer

Introduction to Central Processing Unit Organization

Types of CPU Organization and Understanding General Register CPU Organization

Understanding Stack CPU Organization

Understanding Number of Address Fileds with Different CPU Organizations

Understanding the need of Memory Hierarchy in Computer Organization

Understanding Difference Between Byte Addressable and Word Addressable Memory

Understanding the Concept of Principle of Locality

Understanding Page, Block, and Line Memory Management Techniques

Understanding the Logic Behind Address Mapping

Hit and Miss Ratio of Cache Memory

Direct Mapping Technique 01 Understanding the Basic Working Mechanism

Direct Mapping Technique 02 Address Mapping of Cache and Main Memory

Direct Mapping Technique 03 Disadvantages of Direct Mapping

Hardware Implementation of Direct Mapped Cache

Problems 01 02 on Direct Mapping

Problems 03 04 on Direct Mapping

Fully Associative Cache Mapping

Problems 01 02 on Fully Associative Mapping

Set Associative Cache Mapping

Problems 01 02 on Set Associative Mapping

Average Memory Access Time for 2 levels Simultaneous and Hierarchical Organization

Average Memory Access Time for 3 levels Simultaneous and Hierarchical Organization

Cache Coherence Problem

How to Avoid Cache Coherence Problem

Memory Interleaving Technique

GATE Bits 01 02 on Memory Organization

GATE Bits 03 04 on Memory Organization

GATE Bits 05 06 on Memory Organization

GATE Bits 07 08 on Memory Organization

GATE Bits 09 10 on Memory Organization

Introduction to Input Output Interface

IO Versus Memory Bus

Isolated IO or IO Mapped IO

Memory Mapped IO

Asynchronous Data Transfer Using Strobe Control Mechanism

Asynchronous Data Transfer Using Handshaking Mechanism

Asynchronous Serial Transfer

Modes of Transfer Programmed IO

Modes of Transfer Interrupt Initiated IO

Priority Interrupts and Polling Mechanism in Priority Interrupts

Priority Interrupt Daisy Chain Mechanism

Parallel Connection Priority Interrupt

Introduction to Direct Memory Access and CPU Bus Signals for DMA Transfer

Block Diagram of DMA Controller

GATE Bits 01 02 on IO Organization

GATE Bits 03 04 on IO Organization

GATE Bits 05 06 on IO Organization

GATE Bits 07 08 on IO Organization

Computer Networks

Introduction to Computer Networks

Introduction to Physical Layer

Representation of Bits Manchester and Differential Manchester Encoding

Physical Topologies Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, Tree, Hybrid

Transmission Modes Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex

Understanding Layered Architecture of OSI Model

Introduction to Data Link Layer

Types of Errors Single Bit Errors and Burst Errors

Redundancy and Coding Schemes in Data Link Layer

Understanding Block Coding

Error Detection using Block Coding

Error Correction using Block Coding

Hamming Distance and Minimum Hamming Distance

Minimum Hamming Distance for Error Detection

Minimum Hamming Distance for Error Correction

Simple Parity Check Code for Error Detection

Cyclic Redundancy Check for Error Detection

Polynomial Equation for CRC

Checksum in Data Link Layer

Brief Introduction to Framing

Introduction to Flow Control

Stop and Wait Protocol in Data Link Layer

Understanding Bandwidth and Bandwidth Delay Product

Disadvantages of Stop and Wait and Understanding Sliding Window Protocol

Go Back N Protocol

Selective Repeat Protocol with Automatic Repeat Request

Introduction to Framing

Character Oriented Protocol

Bit Oriented Protocol

Understanding Piggybacking

High Level Data Link Control HDLC Normal Response Mode NRM and Asynchronous Balanced Mode ABM

Types of HDLC Frames

Information Frame I Frame

Supervisory Frame S Frame and Unnumbered Frame U Frame

Point to Point Protocol PPP

Medium Access Control Sub Layer

Random Access or Contention Methods

Vulnerable Time for Pure Aloha

Throughput of Pure Aloha

Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSMA

1, NON, P Persistence Methods in CSMA

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance

Types of Networks LAN MAN WAN

Hub Bridge Switch Router

Changes in Standard Ethernet

Data Link Layer Node to Node Communication

Network Layer Services Packetizing

Network Layer Services Routing and Forwarding

Packet Switching Datagram Approach

Packet Switching Virtual Circuit Approach

Delays in Computer Networks

IPv4 Address Space

IP Address in Computer Network

Hierarchy in Addressing

Digital Logic Design

Introduction to Decimal Number System

Understanding how to do 9’s and 10’s complement of a decimal number

Subtraction of Decimal Numbers using 9’s and 10’s Complement

Logic Behind 9’s and 10’s Complement Subtraction

Solving Examples on 9’s and 10’s Complement Subtraction

Introduction to Binary Number System

How to convert a Binary number to Decimal Number

How to Convert a Decimal Number to Binary Number

Solving More Examples on Binary to Decimal and Decimal to Binary Number Conversion

How to do Binary Addition The Easy Way

How to do Binary Subtraction The Easy Way

How to Multiply Two Binary Numbers The Easy Way

How to Divide Two Binary Numbers

How to find 1’s and 2’s Complement with Shortcut

Methods for Representation of Negative Numbers in Binary Understanding

Range of Negative Numbers in Different Representations

Binary Numbers Subtraction Using Complement Method

Octal Number System Detailed Explanation

Hexadecimal Number System Detailed Explanation

Different Types of Number System Conversions

Conversion from any Base Number to Base 10

Converting Numbers from Base 10 to Other Bases

Conversion of Numbers from One Base to Other

Converting a Power of 2 Base to Another Power of 2 Base Number

Minimum Number of Bits Required for Conversion The Easy Way

GATE Bits 01, 02 Number System

GATE Bits 03 04 Number System

GATE Bits 05 06 Number System

GATE Bits 07 08 Number System

GATE Bits 09 10 Number System

GATE Bits 11 12 Number System

GATE Bits 13 14 Number System

GATE Bits 15 16 Number System

GATE Bits 17, 18 Number System

Binary Codes and it’s Classification

Classification of Numeric Codes

Properties of Numeric Codes Sequential, Self Complementing and Cyclic Codes

Gray Code Explained With Example

Binary to Gray and Gray to Binary Conversion

Introduction to Logic Gates

Basic Logic Gates AND, OR, NOT Gates

Understanding NAND and NOR Gates and Why They are called Universal Gates

Producing AND OR NOT Gates Using NAND Gates

Producing AND OR NOT Gates Using NOR Gates

Properties of EX OR and EX NOR Gates

Introduction to Boolean Algebra Explained

AND OR Commutative Associative and Distributive laws

Double Negation Identity Idempotance Absorption Consensus Transposition Laws

De Morgan’s Law and Demorganization in Boolean Algebra

Examples on De Morgans Law

Canonical Sum of Products

Canonical Product of Sums

Examples on SOP and POS

Number of Switching Functions Possible 1

Number of Switching Functions Possible 2

Principle of Duality in Boolean Algebra

Self Dual Functions in Boolean Algebra

Boolean Expression and Symbols for EX OR and EX NOR explained

Functional Completeness in Boolean Algebra

Examples on Functional Completeness

GATE Bits 19 20 Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra

GATE Bits 21 22 Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra

GATE Bits 23 24 Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra

GATE Bits 25 26 Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra

GATE Bits 27 28 Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra

GATE Bits 29 30 Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra

GATE Bits 31 32 Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra

Introduction to Minimization

Minimization by Boolean Laws and Rules

Problems in Minimization by Boolean Laws and Rules

Minimization by using K Map in Digital Logic -1

Minimization by using K Map in Digital Logic -2

Examples on Minimization using 2 Variable K Map

Examples on Minimization using 4 Variable K Map 1

Examples on Minimization using 4 Variable K Map 2

Implicant, Prime Implicant, Essential Prime Implicant, Redundant Prime Implicant

Prime Implicant Essential Prime Implicant Redundant Prime Implicant

Need of Prime Implicant Chart for Minimization

Examples of Minimization by Using Prime Implicant Chart 1

Examples of Minimization using Prime Implicant Chart 2

Examples of Minimization using Prime Implicant Chart 3

Don’t Care Conditions in K Map with Example

Examples on Don’t Care Conditions

Examples on Minimization of POS Expression using K Map

Understanding Variable Entrant Map

Minimization by using Variable Entrant Map 1

Minimization by using Variable Entrant Map 2

Branching Technique to Minimize Cyclic Functions

Examples on Minimization

GATE Bits 33 34 Minimization

GATE Bits 35 36 Minimization

GATE Bits 37 38 Minimization

GATE Bits 41 42 Minimization

Introduction to Combinational Circuits

Understanding Half Adder Circuit Diagram and Truth table

Full Adder Design and Truth Table

Full Adder by Using two Half Adders and a OR Gate

Ripple Carry Adder or Parallel Adder

Carry Propagation Delay in Ripple Carry Adder

Understanding Carry Look Ahead Adder

Four Bit Parallel Adder cum Subtractor

Introduction to Magnitude Comparator

1 Bit Magnitude Comparator Combinational Circuit

2 Bit Magnitude Comparator Combinational Circuit

4 Bit Magnitude Comparator Combinational Circuit

Introduction to Multiplexer Definition and Applications

Design of 2X1 4X1 8X1 Multiplexer

Design of 16×1 Multiplexer by Using 2×1 Multiplexer

Number of Levels and Number of Multiplexers Required

Logic Behind the Implementation of 32×1 Multiplexer by Using 4×1 Multiplexer

Functional Completeness of Multiplexers

Implementing Boolean Functions by Using Multiplexer 1

Implementing Boolean Functions by Using Multiplexer 2

Examples Solved on Cascading Multiplexers

Introduction to De Multiplexer

Applications of Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

Implementation of 2×4 Decoder by Using 1×2 Decoder

Number of Levels and Number of Decoders Required

Implementation of Boolean Functions by Using Decoder 1

Implementation of Boolean Functions by Using Decoder 2

Implementation of ROM Using Decoder

Introduction to Encoder

GATE Bits 43 44 Combinational Circuits

GATE Bits 45 46 Combinational Circuits

GATE Bits 47, 48 Combinational Circuits

GATE Bits 49 50 Combinational Circuits

GATE Bits 51 52 Combinational Circuits

Introduction to Sequential Circuits

Understanding SR Latch in Sequential Circuits

Clocked SR Latch or SR Flip Flop

Excitation Table for S R Flip Flop

Understanding D Flip Flop Characteristics Table, Function and Excitation Table

Understanding J K Flip Flop Characteristic Table Function and Excitation Table

Understanding T Flip Flop Characteristic Table Function and Excitation Table

Steps for the Conversion of Flip Flops

Conversion of T Flip Flop to S R Flip Flop

Examples on Conversion of Flip Flops

Understanding Clock and Types of Clock Triggering

Understanding Triggering Mechanism of Flip Flop

Introduction to Counters in Digital Electronics

Understanding Types of Counters

Mod 2 Ring Counter in Digital Electronics

Ring Counter with Three D Flip Flops

Understanding Mod 4 Johnson Counter

Understanding Mod 6 Johnson Counter

UP and DOWN Asynchronous Counters

Introduction to Registers

How Shift Register Works the Logic and Circuit

GATE Bits 53, 54 Sequential Circuits

GATE Bits 55, 56 Sequential Circuits

GATE Bits 57, 58 Sequential Circuits

Database Management Systems

Understanding the Definition of Data and Database

Definition of Database Management Systems DBMS

File System v/s Database Management System DBMS

An Example Database – Company Database

Database Design using Entity-Relationship Model ER-Model

Definitions of Entity Attribute and Entity Type

Simple and Composite Attributes

Single-Valued and Multi-Valued Attributes

Stored and Derived Attributes

Key Attributes of an Entity Type

Identifying the Entity Types and Attributes from the Requirements

Identifying the Relationship Types between the Entity Types

Relationship Instance and the Degree of a Relationship Type

Identifying another Relationship Type and Understanding Attributes of a Relationship Type

Cardinality Ratio of a Binary Relationship

Participation Constraint

Many to Many Relation on Works_On Relationship Type

One to Many Relation on Controls Relationship Type

Role Names of an Entity Type in a Relationship Type

Recursive Relationships

Weak Entity Types

Requirements to ER Diagrams to Database Schema

Relation Attributes and Tuples in RDBMS

Domain Relation Schema and Relation State in RDBMS

ER Diagram to Database Scheme 1

How to Download and Install Oracle 18c

CREATE TABLE Command in SQL

INSERT INTO command in SQL

Understanding the use of NOT NULL and Primary Key

Relational Model Constraints Domain constraints

Key Constraints and NULL Value Constraints

Referential Integrity constraints and Foreign Keys

Implementation of Referential Integrity Constraint Using Foreign keys

One-to-One Relationships in ER Diagram to Database Schema

Multivalued Attributes to Database Schema

One-to-Many Relationships to Database Schema

Implementing the Complete Company Database

ALTER TABLE Command in SQL

ADD and DROP a Constraint using ALTER TABLE command in SQL

TRUNCATE TABLE and DROP TABLE Commands in SQL

SELECT Command in SQL

WHERE Clause in SQL

UPDATE Command in SQL

DELETE Command in SQL

COMMIT and ROLLBACK Commands in SQL

Equal to Greater than Less than Not Equal to Operators in SQL

LIKE Operator in SQL

IS NULL and IS NOT NULL Operators in SQL

IN and NOT IN Operators in SQL

BETWEEN and NOT BETWEEN Operators in SQL

AND OR NOT Logical Connectors in SQL

UPPER LOWER INITCAP in SQL

RPAD and LPAD in SQL

LTRIM and RTRIM Functions in SQL

LENGTH SUBSTR INSTR Functions in SQL

ABS CEIL FLOOR functions in SQL

MOD POWER SQRT functions in SQL

ROUND and TRUNC functions in SQL

NVL Function in SQL

AVG COUNT MAX MIN SUM Functions in SQL

SYSDATE CURRENT_DATE SYSTIMESTAMP Functions in SQL

DATE Arithmetic Difference between the dates

ADD_MONTHS GREATEST LEAST TO_DATE Functions in SQL

NEXT_DAY LAST_DAY MONTHS_BETWEEN Functions in SQL

ORDER BY in SQL

DISTINCT in SQL

CARTESIAN PRODUCT in SQL

Aliasing and AS Operator in SQL

SQL Query 1 on Multiple Tables

SQL Query 2 on Multiple Tables

SQL Query 3 on Multiple Tables

INTERSECT Operator in SQL

UNION UNION ALL MINUS Set Operators in SQL

Nested Queries 1 in SQL

Nested Query 2 in SQL

Nested Query 3 in SQL

Nested Query 4 in SQL

GROUP BY and HAVING in SQL

Example 1 of GROUP BY and HAVING in SQL

Example 2 on GROUP BY and HAVING in SQL

INNER JOIN in SQL

LEFT JOIN RIGHT JOIN and FULL JOIN in SQL

Correlated Nested Queries in SQL

EXISTS and NOT EXISTS in SQL

Understanding ALL ANY or SOME in SQL

Example 1 on Correlated Nested Queries in SQL

Example 2 on Correlated Nested Queries in SQL

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